Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a small protein peptide consisting of 28 amino acids. It is a naturally occurring molecule found in the thymus gland, where it was first discovered, and is involved in regulating immune cell function.

Tα1 has been shown to have a variety of biological effects, including enhancing T-cell function, promoting the production of cytokines, and modulating the immune response. It has been found to stimulate the maturation of T-cells, which are important for immune system function, and to increase the production of interferon-gamma, a cytokine that activates immune cells and enhances immune function.

Research has also shown that Tα1 has potential therapeutic applications in a variety of medical conditions, including viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. It has been found to enhance the immune  response to viral infections, such as hepatitis B and C, and to have antitumor effects by promoting apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells. Additionally, Tα1 has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may help to reduce the symptoms of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.